Description: This report presents a comprehensive assessment of the potential consequences of imposing traffic-based charges on digital services. Drawing on a mixed-methods approach, the study combines insights from 38 experts across public policy, academia, civil society and industry, along with a national survey of over 2,000 consumers across Tier I, II and III cities
It provides a comprehensive overview of the consequences associated with the imposition of network usage fees on CAPs in India.
Attribution: Meghna Bal, Dr Vikash Gautam, and Kunal Tyagi. The Impact of a Network Usage Fee on Consumers and the Digital Economy: An Empirical Evaluation. January 2026, Esya Centre.